Turkey
トルコ
Turkey トルコ |
Turkey
トルコは東ヨーロッパと西アジアにまたがる国で、古代ギリシャ、ペルシャ帝国、古代ローマ帝国、ビザンチン帝国、
オスマン帝国との文化的な結びつきがあります。ボスポラス海峡に面した国際都市イスタンブールには、この街を
象徴するアヤソフィア博物館があり、高くそびえるドームとキリスト教のモザイク画が見られます。街には他にも、
17 世紀に建てられた壮大なブルーモスク、1460 年頃に建てられ、かつてスルタンが居城していたトプカプ宮殿など
があります。アンカラは現代的な雰囲気の漂うトルコの首都である。
Girl students photographed by Dr. Junhaku Miyamoto in April 1995 at Kusadasi,
a sea resort of Turkey faced to the Mediterranean Sea.
Source: University of Texas Libraries
The coastal areas of Turkey bordering the Mediterranean Sea have a temperate Mediterranean
climate, with hot, dry summers and mild, wet and cold winters. Conditions can be much harsher
in the more arid interior. Mountains, close to the coast, prevent Mediterranean influences from
extending inland, giving the central Anatolian plateau of the interior of Turkey a continental
climate with sharply contrasting seasons.
Turkey has no official state religion. The Turkish Constitution provides for freedom of religion and
conscience. However, 73.6 million people in Turkey are Muslims or 98% of the total population.
Source: Wikipedia
Minarets of the Blue Mosque
The Sultan Ahmet Camii, or Blue Mosque, is a prominent, functioning Istanbul mosque that sports
an iconic Islamic and late classical Ottoman architecture style. With its 6 minarets, you won't have
to look too hard to spot the mosque that towers over much of the surrounding area in Istanbul.
You're free to tour the mosque as much as you like, but it does close 6 times a day for prayers,
and the exact times can vary based on the sun's positioning.
Most people in Turkey support the smoking ban in public places.
Parliament in Turkey has voted to introduce a blanket ban on smoking in enclosed places.
Banning smoking was until recently completely unthinkable in Turkey, where 40% of the adult population
-25 million people - are smokers. The new ban will outlaw smoking in all enclosed public places, including
bars, cafes and restaurants as well as taxis, trains and outdoor stadiums. It is due to come into force in
about 18 months'time.
Some argue that existing bans on smoking in hospitals, schools and other public buildings, are
already widely flouted. They also question how the newly legislated fines. Fifty Turkish lira( $44)
for those lighting up and 5,000 lira for bar and cafe owners, who allow smoking on their premises
will be imposed. However, against this, the new law is being strongly praised by health
campaigners. They point out thatsmoking-related illness cost Turkey up to 3bn lira ($2.7bn) a year.
The anti-smoking lobby has on its side a powerful supporter in the shape of Turkish Prime Minister,
Recep Tayyip Erdogan.
Source: Jan 4,. 2008 BBC News
(L) The Sultan Ahmed Mosque in Istanbul, Turkey. Four minarets at the corners of the mosque.
(R) The Gate of the Sultan.
The photo shows the Gate of Carts entrance of Topkapi Palace, the official and primary residence
in the city of the Ottoman Sultans, 1465-185, in Istanbul, Turkey. This gate leads into
Domed Cupboard Room. This place was built as a vestibule to the harem in 1587 by Murad III.
トプカプ宮殿ハレム入口（イスタンブール）の禁煙標識（2008年3月撮影、禁煙席ネット協賛会員提供）
★HAREM＝イスラム社会における女性の居室
原義は「禁じられた場所」、男子禁制・・夫、子、親族以外の立ち入りを禁止
オスマン帝国時代には美しい500人以上の女性が集められていた。
Turkish Prime Minister awarded WHO's anti-smoking prize.
The Prime Minister of Turkey, Recep T Erdogan, awarded the 2010 special prize for Global Fight
against Smoking by the World Health Organization (WHO), in Ankara. This was by recognizing
his efforts aimed at reducing the number of Turk smokers. Anatolia news agency reported. 'One
hundred thousand people in Turkey, and more than 5 million people in the world, die annually
because of diseases caused by smoking.' Erdogan said during the awards ceremony, which
coincided with the first anniversary of the country’s indoor smoking ban.
'Active smokers are as risky as people who hang around with a weapon in their hands.' He said,
adding that the number of people who lose their lives because of smoking is much larger than
that of terrorism victims. Erdogan said the government was determined to continue the struggle
against smoking and called for people to contribute to the mission. The prime minister also said
people present in the surroundings of smokers were negatively affected by side-smoke, mentioning
the estimates that 700 million children are exposed to cigarette smoke, according to the WHO.
'You can notice smoking is widespread in families that are extremely poor and live in very difficult
conditions. I see the people who cannot even provide proper food and clothes for themselves,
carrying packets of cigarettes in their pockets.' He said that smoking was not an excuse for
people's suffering, but rather constituted a new socio-economic problem. For people who think
that the anti-smoking law limited the freedom of smokers, he said that there is no freedom for
suicide.'
According to research conducted in Turkey in November 2008 before the smoking ban,31.2 % of
adults, or 16 million people, were active smokers. A report prepared by the medicine faculty
of Marmara University and published this month by the National Committee for Smoking and
Health said 363 million fewer packs of cigarettes were consumed in Turkey in 2010 compared
to the first half of 2009, representing a saving of 1.8 billion Turkish Liras. Moreover, the income
from the special and value-added tax on cigarettes showed an increase for the same period
compared to a year before. The report also said that during the year of 2010, the applications
to hospitals for heart diseases were reduced by 33.6 %, while those with asthma fell 20.5 %.
Source: Daily News, Istanbul, July 19, 2010
Smoking Ban and Tobacco Control in Greece
Smoking Ban and Tobacco Control in Ukraine
トルコでレストラン、カフェ、バーなど公共的施設で全面禁煙
2009年7月より、レストラン、カフェ、バー、タクシー、フェリー、鉄道、職場、ショッピングモール、
野外スタジアムなどの全面禁煙が施行された。トルコでは人口の40％が喫煙者であり、最近までこうした
喫煙規制など全く考えられたことはなかった。今までにも病院、学校などの一部公共施設の喫煙規制が
実施されていたが、法令は必ずしも守られていなかった。しかし、そうした状況が一変する。違反者へ
の罰金は喫煙者には50トルコリラ（約44ドル）を、バー、カフェ経営者には最高5,000を科する。
トルコでは喫煙行為に関連した医療費は年間30億リラ（27億ドル）に及ぶことも禁煙法制定への呼び水と
なった。2003年に就任したトルコ共和国首相、レジエップ・タイイップ・エルドアン氏の新禁煙法の
議会への強力な働きかけが功を奏したようだ。
トルコでレストラン、カフェ、バー、鉄道、 タクシー、職場などの全面禁煙を施行してから1年目の
2010年7月にトルコ首相、レジェプ・タイイップ・エルドアン氏は世界保健機関( WHO )から強力な
喫煙規制政策を高く評価され、特別賞を授与された。エルドアン首相は次のように語る。喫煙者は手に
銃器を持つ人々と同じように健康上の危険性がある。喫煙行為による死亡者はテロリズムによる死者を
遙かに上回る。しかし、その日の食料に事欠く貧困者が自分のポケットにタバコを忍ばせているのも
現実だ。公共的空間で喫煙行為を禁止することは自由を制限することだと主張する人がいるが、自殺する
自由はないと言い切る。
受動喫煙防止法が実施されてからタバコの消費量は3億6千万箱以上減少し、心臓病は33.6%、喘息は
20.5%も大幅に減少した。
トルコでレストラン、カフェ、バーなど公共的施設で全面禁煙
2008年1月執筆 2009年11月英文加筆 2010年8月加筆
執筆 医学博士 宮本順伯
★This Web site is link-free.
This information was provided by the Smokefree Hotel and Travel.
The article was written in January 2008, and revised in August 2010,
by Junhaku Miyamoto, M.D., PhD.
Revision was made in April 2024.
Copyright (C) 2008 Junhaku Miyamoto, PhD. All right is reserved.
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